* Violence by a Sexual Partner - Often women are the first in a partnership to learn they are HIV positive (because of ante-natal testing, for instance), which can result in blame and violence from their partners; * Violence by Family/In-Laws/Friends/Community - Because of stigma, discrimination, and fear, a known HIV-positive sero-status can increase a woman's risk of violence perpetuated by her family or partner's family, friends, and community; * Rejection by Family/In-Laws/Friends/Community - Because of stigma, discrimination, and fear, an HIV positive woman or girl may be unable to find support among her family or partner's family, friends, or community if she wants to leave a violent relationship or confront the perpetrator of violence; * Personal Stigma - Internalized fear and stigma can make it less likely that a woman or girl will have the self-confidence necessary to leave a violent relationship or confront the perpetrator of violence.